Trump trade war is splitting tech manufacturers along U.S.-China lines
Even the unseasonable downpour couldn’t dampen the spirits of the executives and officials gathered on the Indonesian island of Batam to cut the ribbon on a new Pegatron Corp. factory. The men exchanged jokes as they took shelter under a white canopy, and when company Vice Chairman Jason Cheng pledged to hire hundreds of locals, the assembled audience erupted in applause.
This low-key July ceremony to launch a manufacturing outpost marked a crucial first step into Southeast Asia for one of Apple Inc.’s most important suppliers. It also encapsulates a fundamental move of electronics production, set in motion by the escalating U.S.-China trade war, that may hurt China’s economy while enriching Southeast Asia and beyond.
“Pegatron, and many more to come, is an opportunity,” Edy Putra Irawady, head of a local agency charged with enticing capital, told the crowd. “Batam has prepared various incentives to chase the opportunity and attract more investment.”
Irawady is one of many making preparations for the most profound shift in global manufacturing since the advent of the made-in-China model in the 1980s: that model’s potential dismantling.
President Trump’s flip-flops on trade, including a backtracking this week on threats to slap punishing tariffs on $300 billion worth of goods from China, are spurring an exodus of manufacturers from China. Some recognize that U.S.-Chinese tensions won’t fade soon, while others are just tired of the uncertainty. In one of the most dramatic responses since Trump first brandished full tariffs, HP laptop-maker Inventec Corp. declared plans to move its entire U.S.-bound laptop operations from China to its home base of Taiwan within months. “The trade war is very painful for us,” Inventec President Maurice Wu said.
As exemplified by Pegatron, the makers of the world’s electronics are increasingly rushing out of the way of Trump-administration tariffs on Chinese-made goods. Companies that make server motherboards for Google and Amazon.com Inc. are already shifting to Taiwan. Even Apple, whose gargantuan Chinese production machine hires more people than any other private employer, is testing the waters. GoerTek Inc., for one, is trying out production of AirPods in Vietnam, people familiar with the situation said. A GoerTek representative declined to comment on the specifics of its Apple business but said the company will gradually make several products in both China and Vietnam.
The requests that textile factory manager Huynh Thi Ai Diem receives are almost always the same: A foreign company is desperately trying to relocate production from China to Vietnam.
Trump’s campaign of tariffs and export restrictions against Chinese champions such as Huawei Technologies Co. threatens to upend the production of the world’s electronics, from iPhones and laptops to 4K television sets. The decades-old supply chain is starting to split in two: one beyond China’s borders that serves U.S. concerns, and one within China, the world’s most populous country, that caters to local consumers.
It’s something Foxconn Technology Group’s billionaire founder, Terry Gou, calls “G2,” or the emergence of two competing global standards created by China and the United States. Gou — who as Apple’s main production partner helped pioneer the made-in-China model — has volunteered to “help the U.S. reshape a new supply chain.” Young Liu, Gou’s successor, told shareholders Foxconn could make every U.S.-bound iPhone outside of China if it had to.
While U.S.-based companies seek alternatives beyond mainland China, their counterparts in China likewise are “de-Americanizing” their supply chains, reducing their reliance on U.S. core technology for fear they will suffer the same fate as Huawei. That company is now hunting for Asian and European component makers to reduce its dependence on U.S. firms such as Android maker Google and hardware maker Micron Technology Inc.
In August, Huawei approved Taiwan-based Wi-Fi module maker RichWave Technology Corp. to supply parts that U.S. wireless semiconductor company Skyworks used to provide. Analysts including Kevin Chen of President Capital Management in Taipei say Huawei is increasingly looking to Taiwan’s Win Semiconductors Corp. to manufacture radio frequency chips previously supplied by Skyworks and compatriot integrated circuits maker Qorvo.
“Both U.S. and Chinese companies are diversifying their supply chains due to similar reasons — to mitigate geopolitical risks,” said Gordon Sun, director of the Taiwan Institute of Economic Research’s Macroeconomic Forecasting Center.
Mere months ago, it seemed as if China had a virtual lock on the business of making the world’s electronics — an arrangement that benefited not just tech juggernauts such as Dell Technologies Inc. and HP Inc. but also ensured jobs for millions across the country and fostered the growth of a massive Chinese manufacturing industry.
There’s little chance that China will fully cede its mantle as the world’s electronics workshop anytime soon, but the outward-bound trend is accelerating. That’s because the household names that built the technology industry’s global supply chain aren’t waiting to see how the conflict turns out.
Delta Electronics Inc., which makes power and cooling components for such clients as Microsoft Corp. and Huawei, is moving some production back to its home base of Taiwan and to Thailand. It’s also taking the unusual step of building three to four plants in India, responding to Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Make in India program.
Modi’s efforts to drive foreign companies to source components in India is showing success. Foxconn will start to churn out iPhones in that country this year; its print circuit board affiliate and Apple supplier Zhen Ding Technology Holding Ltd. announced plans to invest there late last year. Luxshare Precision Industry Co., another Apple supplier, is considering moving some production of cables and connectors to India as well, according to people familiar with the matter; one said Apple made the request to the Chinese company. Calls to a number listed on the Luxshare website went unanswered, and the company did not respond to an email seeking comment. Chinese smartphone brands including Huawei, Oppo and Xiaomi are all making handsets in India.
It’s not just U.S.-China tension that keeps supply-chain executives up at night. Politically motivated trade protectionism may be spreading. Japanese curbs on the export of vital chip- and display-making materials to South Korea — the latest manifestation of lingering tensions stretching back to colonization by Tokyo and World War II — threaten to further splinter the industry. If unresolved, that dispute may hinder efforts to sate the enormous appetites of Samsung Electronics Co. and SK Hynix Inc., expediting a production migration from Japan.
Any shift won’t happen overnight. Although moving assembly operations is unlike relocating a chip fabrication facility — arguably the most expensive type of plant, at $10 billion or more to set up from scratch — the cost can run to millions of dollars and entails a plethora of issues, including getting licenses, adapting to new regulations and hiring workers. That’s an additional burden that manufacturers with single-digit margins can ill afford.
“Our net profit margin stands at a mere 1.4% in the first quarter. The tariffs are 25%. We simply cannot help our customers absorb those,” Quanta Computer Chairman Barry Lam said in May when talking about potential production shift and tariff effects.
Despite Trump’s proclamations, the United States won’t get many of the jobs moving out of China. Taiwan and Southeast Asia are first in line to absorb any manufacturing exodus. Vietnam has become the largest beneficiary of the trade war in the 12-month period that began in the first quarter of 2018, gaining 7.9% of gross domestic product from trade diversion, Nomura said in a June 3 note.
Batam, once a poverty-stricken corner of the Indonesian archipelago, is on the cusp of a boom thanks to abundant cheap labor and quick access to the adjacent trading hub of Singapore. Pegatron has poured $40 million into its newest Indonesian plant, which will produce networking gear for the U.S. market. It’s pledging to grow the workforce there from 40 people to as many as 1,800 eventually.
“We’re very determined to invest more,” said Cheng, the company’s vice chairman.
