Quest for dark matter shines bright in deep places
In deep underground laboratories around the globe, a high-tech race is on to spot dark matter, the invisible cosmic glue that’s believed to keep galaxies from spinning apart.
Whoever discovers the nature of dark matter would solve one of modern science’s greatest mysteries and be a shoo-in for the Nobel Prize. But it’s more than just a brainy exercise. Deciphering dark matter -- along with gaining a better understanding of another mysterious force called dark energy -- could help reveal the fate of the universe.
Previous hunts for the hypothetical matter have turned up nothing, but that has not deterred about two dozen research teams from plumbing the darkness of idled mines and tunnel shafts for a fleeting glimpse.
Dark matter-detecting machines today are more powerful than previous generations, but even the best have failed to catch a whiff of the stuff. Many teams are building bigger detectors or toying with novel technologies to aid in the hunt.
“We’re in the golden age of dark-matter search,” said Sean Carroll, a Caltech theoretical physicist with no role in the experiments. “It’s looking good for some breakthroughs to happen.”
Scientists admittedly are still in the dark about dark matter. The prevailing theory is that it’s made up of tiny, exotic particles left over from the Big Bang of about 13.7 billion years ago. Dark matter, thought to make up a quarter of the universe’s mass, gets its name because it doesn’t give off light or heat. Astronomers know it exists because of its gravitational tug-of-war with stars and galaxies.
Knowing that dark matter exists is a far cry from knowing what it is. Most experiments are searching for theoretical particles called WIMPs -- or weakly interacting massive particles -- the top dark-matter candidates.
The underground custom-built machines are all waiting for the rare moment when a WIMP hits the atomic nucleus and causes an elastic recoil. Experiments have to run below ground to prevent cosmic rays from interfering with the results.
Dark matter researcher Neil Spooner of the University of Sheffield in England sums it up this way: “You have a needle in a haystack and you’re trying to remove the hay. You need better technology to pull out the event you’re looking for and reject the rubbish.”
Subterranean experiments are humming in an idled iron mine in Minnesota and in caverns in Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Japan and Russia. In July, the National Science Foundation chose the defunct Homestake gold mine in South Dakota to be the site of one of the largest and deepest labs of its kind -- bigger than six Empire State Buildings stacked below ground.
The competition is cutthroat, and physicists spar over which technology works best.
The front-runner for the last several years, called CDMS for cryogenic dark matter search, uses ultracold silicon and germanium crystals each the size of a hockey puck to sift out telltale vibrations of a WIMP collision. Newer contraptions use noble gas such as xenon or emerging technologies such as superheated liquid bubble chambers.
“There’s no perfect dark-matter experiment or detector. All of them have their quirks and limitations,” said Juan Collar, a particle physicist at the University of Chicago and part of a team called COUPP.
Scientists realize that they may be in for a reality check.
“It’s possible that no matter how big of an experiment you build, you may not find anything,” said Steve Ahlen of Boston University, who, along with collaborators from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Brandeis University, is building a prototype that will be placed underground next year in a yet-to-be determined location.
There have been false alarms. In 2000, Italian scientists working in an underground lab near Italy’s Gran Sasso mountain range claimed to have detected a dark-matter signal. But no one has been able to reproduce the result, and the claim is not widely recognized in the scientific community. The Italian researchers have since been working on a second-generation detector and expect to present new results next year.
This spring, Columbia University’s Elena Aprile, who leads a rival group but also works at Gran Sasso, shocked her peers by announcing at a science meeting that her liquid gas project called XENON10 was more sensitive and rejected more background noise than the CDMS detector.
“The more sensitivity you have, the closer you get to the truth,” Aprile said.
CDMS spokesman Bernard Sadoulet of UC Berkeley said it helped to have more than one technology searching for dark matter to cross-check results. He added that his team had been taking data with its scaled-up detector since last year and expected to regain the sensitivity lead.
The quest for dark matter dates back to the 1930s, when Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky of Caltech, peering through his telescope, determined by observing celestial motions that there was missing mass in the universe. The idea took awhile to catch on but is now the subject of the intense underground hunt.
Dark-matter detectors are expensive to build and even pricier to upgrade and operate. Many projects are funded by a mix of sources. For example, the National Science Foundation has invested about $21 million since fiscal year 2000 on six projects, including CDMS and XENON10.
Scientists also are searching for dark matter in space. NASA next year plans to launch the GLAST telescope to study gamma ray bursts that may be created by dark-matter collisions. And it’s possible researchers will create dark matter in the lab -- for example, at the Large Hadron Collider buried beneath the Swiss-French border -- even before they confirm it in the cosmos or underground.
Not all dark-matter searches are betting their money on WIMPs.
The Axion Dark Matter Experiment at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory about 50 miles east of San Francisco has been searching for other theoretical particles called axions. The first phase of the project ended in 2003 with no signal. This year, got the green light from the U.S. Energy Department to upgrade the experiment.
Just how long the dark-matter hunt will go on is anybody’s guess.
“The crystal ball is fuzzy,” said physicist Leslie Rosenberg, a co-spokesman for the axion project. But he added, “The nature of dark matter will be revealed.”
