Legal experts teach Syrian rebels to prevent human rights abuses

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A wounded Syrian woman walks with her children after airstrikes on a rebel area of the war-torn northern city of Aleppo. (Mohammed al-Khatieb / AFP/ Getty Images)

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Mourners attend a funeral for men killed during battles with members of the Al Qaeda-linked Islamic State of Iraq and Syria in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo. (Mahmud Al-Halabi / AFP/ Getty Images)

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Rebel fighters carry a man’s body at the Aleppo headquarters of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria after he was allegedly killed by the AlQaeda-linked group in January. (Medo Halab / AFP/ Getty Images)

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A Syrian man helps an injured resident following an airstrike in Aleppo’s Maadi neighborhood. (Mohammed al-Khatieb / AFP/ Getty Images)

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A Syrian man reacts after an airstrike by government forces on the city of Aleppo. (Mohammed al-Khatieb / AFP/ Getty Images)

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Rebel fighters inside a building during clashes with pro-government forces in the Sheikh al-Said neighborhood of Syria’s northern city of Aleppo. (Medo Halab / AFP/ Getty Images)

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An opposition fighter runs through a hole in a wall to avoid sniper fire by regime forces during clashes in Syria’s northern city of Aleppo. (KARAM AL-MASRI / AFP/Getty Images)

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Opposition fighters open fire from behind a car during fighting in the Salaheddin district of the northern Syrian city of Aleppo. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported fierce fighting in Damascus province between rebels and troops backed by pro-regime militias and fighters from Lebanon’s Shiite Muslim movement Hezbollah. (KARAM AL-MASRI / AFP/Getty Images)

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A Syrian rebel aims his weapon during clashes with government forces in the streets near Aleppo international airport in northern Syria. (Stephen J. Boitano / AFP/ Getty Images)

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Rebel fighters duck as they run behind a barricade to avoid being fired at by Syrian government forces in the Old City of Aleppo. (JM Lopez / AFP/ Getty Images)

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A fighter allied with Syrian President Bashar Assad runs across the street after fighting with rebels in the Yarmouk refugee camp in the capital, Damascus. (Anwar Amro / AFP/ Getty Images)

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A fighter of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine General Command, allied with Syrian President Bashar Assad, jumps through the window of a destroyed building in the Yarmouk refugee camp in Damascus. (Anwar Amro / AFP/ Getty Images)

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An opposition fighter runs in front of a sniper curtain in the industrial area of Syria’s eastern town of Deir Ezzor during clashes with government forces. (Abo Shuja / AFP/ Getty Images)

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Free Syrian Army fighters clean their weapons and check ammunition at their base on the outskirts of Aleppo, Syria. (Khalil Hamra / Associated Press)

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Syrian government forces patrol the Khaldiyeh district of Syria’s central city of Homs. The Syrian government announced on July 29 the capture of Khaldiyeh, a key rebel district in Homs. (Joseph Eid / AFP/Getty Images)

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A Syrian national flag is waved in Damascus to show support for President Bashar Assad. (Louai Beshara / AFP/Getty Images)

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A rebel fighter takes aim at regime forces in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo. (Louai Abo Al-Jod / AFP/Getty Images)

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A man stands near destroyed buildings after reported airstrikes by Syrian government forces in the rebel-held northwestern Syrian province of Idlib. (Abu Amar Al-Taftanaz / AFP/Getty Images)

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Mustafa Abu Bekir, 23, second from left, meets relatives after crossing the Turkish Cilvegozu gate border. Abu Bekir said he was severely wounded by a bomb dropped from a Syrian army warplane while fighting with the Free Syrian Army in Idlib. (Gregorio Borgia / Associated Press)

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A man carries a boy who was severely wounded during heavy fighting between Syrian rebels and troops last year in Idlib. (Rodrigo Abd / Associated Press)

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Syrian President Bashar Assad arrives at a dinner event in Damascus on the last week of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. (Virginie Nguyen Hoang / AFP/Getty Images)

By Raja Abdulrahim

Oct. 18, 2013 5 AM PT

GAZIANTEP, Turkey — When law student Ibrahim Olabi concluded his presentation to a group of Syrian rebels, the fighters had some difficult questions concerning international humanitarian law.

Under the theory of collateral damage, they asked, was it permissible to starve civilians whom they had under siege along with government loyalist fighters in two Shiite Muslim villages north of Aleppo?

Olabi had to consult with human rights groups and law professors before eventually explaining that the law was conditional and unclear: Rebels are allowed to lay siege to military targets with some permissible collateral damage. At the same time, he said, civilians must be allowed to leave.

“There are a lot of gray areas,” said Olabi, who recently formed the Syrian Legal Development Program to help provide legal training to rebels seeking to overthrow President Bashar Assad.

When opposition protests began in 2011, condemnations of human rights abuses were frequently leveled against Assad and his forces for gunning down peaceful protesters. But the uprising-turned-civil war is now seeing violations by the government and certain rebel groups alike.

Several organizations are training rebels in international humanitarian law in an effort to quell human rights violations and even war crimes by opposition groups. Olabi’s organization appears to be the only one offering training inside Syria, near the front lines.

Human rights abuses have received much attention in the Syrian conflict because of the large number of videos posted online showing gruesome episodes of violence.

Last week, Human Rights Watch reported that opposition fighters had killed at least 190 civilians and kidnapped more than 200, most of them members of the minority Alawite sect, during an offensive in August in the coastal province of Latakia. Two Al Qaeda-linked groups appeared to play a major role in the killings and kidnappings, but involvement by the mainstream Free Syrian Army is less clear, according to the report.

The United Nations’ Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Syria recently reported an escalation of acts in defiance of international law, including summary executions, torture, hostage-taking and indiscriminate shelling of civilian homes by the government and some opposition groups.

The commission investigated nine massacres in which the perpetrators could be reliably identified. Assad’s forces were blamed for eight and rebels in the eastern province of Dair Alzour for the ninth.

One commission member told the U.N. Human Rights Council days earlier that the investigation had led to a list of suspected war criminals being compiled.

Olabi said the goal of his program was to prevent cases in which “fighters are prosecuted for war crimes after the revolution.”

Olabi, in his second year of law school in Britain, drew from a number of sources in putting together a curriculum and handbook. The material includes the Geneva Convention and Islamic law. He also consulted with human rights groups Amnesty International and Geneva Call, as well as his law professors.

Olabi said many in Syria do not know international law. Although there are many rebel fighters who defected from the military, most of the opposition troops were civilians before the conflict and know nothing about the rules of war.

“They just took up arms to defend themselves; they are not scholars who have been studying this for ages,” he said.

Olabi also consulted with the group Lawyers for Justice in Libya, which faced a similar challenge in that country’s 2011 war when civilians took up arms against government forces. The group sent out mass text messages listing the main principles of the laws of armed conflict.

Mehmet Balci, Middle East program director at Geneva Call, which conducts international humanitarian law training for nongovernment armed forces, said his organization had been working with Syrian opposition groups for almost a year.

The organization began a campaign called “Fighter, Not Killer,” which covers international law and Islamic law, and distributed videos and Arabic-language booklets through the Syrian National Coalition and the Syrian Support Group, Balci said. Geneva Call has conducted four training sessions for rebels in neighboring countries, and is working with Olabi to train instructors who can continue the work across Syria.

Conducting sessions in Syria makes a difference in how the information is received, Olabi said, because the trainers face many of the same risks from government shelling and airstrikes.

Olabi has received guarantees from Aleppo Military Council head Col. Abduljabbar Aqidi to train the groups under his command.

The efforts are still in their nascent stages, and it will be hard to assess their effectiveness.

“The problem with IHL training — and this was said by every single organization that I consulted — you can’t measure the output in a way that’s quantitative,” Olabi said. “It is measured by the amount of decisions they make that don’t conflict with international humanitarian law.”

The rebels’ weak chain of command makes it difficult to enforce rules and laws, Balci said.

Opposition commanders have recently begun making more public statements regarding international law, an indication that they are increasingly aware of their obligations, Olabi said.

Though it’s too early to know whether the information is making its way onto the battlefield, there have been some positive signs about the human rights situation.

“It’s not worsening despite the intensification of the conflict and the level of the weapons used,” Olabi said.

raja.abdulrahim@latimes.com